Memory as a network attractor

Recurrent networks linked associative memory with the dynamics of physical systems.

John J. Hopfield

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The contribution

Hopfield studied networks whose collective dynamics could recover stored patterns from partial or imperfect input. The relationship between stable states and memory made recurrent neural computation accessible through an energy-based mathematical viewpoint.

What this does not establish

Stable states and successful retrieval depend on the model and stored patterns. This is not a model of every form of biological memory.

Why this date?

The journal article appeared in April 1982.

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The original work

Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities

Authors: John J. Hopfield
Publication: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 79 (8), 2554–2558
Source type: Journal article

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Cited By

Atlas entries whose reference lists cite this work or the publication version noted below.

The Utility Driven Dynamic Error Propagation Network (1987)
Listed in the source bibliography. Check the reference list.

Citations

Works in the Atlas cited by this entry.

A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity (1943)
Reference 12 cites McCulloch and Pitts (1943), Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 5, 115-133. Check the reference list.
The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory (1949)
Reference 27 cites the 1949 book. Check the reference list.
Holographic Model of Temporal Recall (1968)
Reference 18 identifies the 1968 Nature letter. Check the reference list.
Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry (1969)
Listed in the source bibliography. Check the reference list.
The Existence of Persistent States in the Brain (1974)
Reference 8, printed page 2558. Check the reference list.
Associative Memory: A System-Theoretical Approach (1977)
Reference 19 names the 1977 book. Check the reference list.
Content-Addressable Memories (1980)
Reference 10 cites the 1980 book. Check the reference list.

Bibliography coverage: Reference section indexed. Open the source.

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Reference section 1 (PDF pages 5)

1. Willows, A. 0. D., Dorsett, D. A. & Hoyle, G. (1973) J. Neurobiol 4, 207-237, 255-285. 2. Kristan, W. B. (1980) in Information Processing in the Nervous System, eds. Pinsker, H. M. & Willis, W. D. (Raven, New York), 241-261. 3. Knight, B. W. (1975) Lect. Math. Life Sci. 5, 111-144. 4. Smith, D. R. & Davidson, C. H. (1962)J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 9, 268-279. 5. Harmon, L. D. (1964) in Neural Theory and Modeling, ed. Reiss, R. F. (Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA), pp. 23-24. 6. Amari, S.-I. (1977) Bio. Cybern. 26, 175-185. 7. Amari, S.-I. & Akikazu, T. (1978) Biol Cybern. 29, 127-136. 8. Little, W. A. (1974) Math. Biosci. 19, 101-120. 9. Marr, J. (1969) J. Physiol 202, 437-470. 10. Kohonen, T. (1980) Content Addressable Memories (Springer, New York). 11. Palm, G. (1980) Biol Cybern. 36, 19-31. 12. McCulloch, W. S. & Pitts, W. (1943) BulL Math Biophys. 5, 115-133. 13. Minsky, M. & Papert, S. (1969) Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA). 14. Rosenblatt, F. (1962) Principles of Perceptrons (Spartan, Washington, DC). 15. Cooper, L. N. (1973) in Proceedings of the Nobel Symposium on Collective Properties of Physical Systems, eds. Lundqvist, B. & Lundqvist, S. (Academic, New York), 252-264. 16. Cooper, L. N., Liberman, F. & Oja, E. (1979) Biol Cybern. 33, 9-28. 17. Longuet-Higgins, J. C. (1968) Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B 171, 327-334. 18. Longuet-Higgins, J. C. (1968) Nature (London) 217, 104-105. 19. Kohonen, T. (1977) Associative Memory-A System-Theoretic Approach (Springer, New York). 20. Willwacher, G. (1976) Biol Cybern. 24, 181-198. 21. Anderson, J. A. (1977) Psych. Rev. 84, 413-451. 22. Perkel, D. H. & Bullock, T. H. (1969) Neurosci. Res. Symp. Summ. 3, 405-527. 23. John, E. R. (1972) Science 177, 850-864. 24. Roney, K. J., Scheibel, A. B. & Shaw, G. L. (1979) Brain Res. Rev. 1, 225-271. 25. Little, W. A. & Shaw, G. L. (1978) Math. Biosci. 39, 281-289. 26. Shaw, G. L. & Roney, K. J. (1979) Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 146-150. 27. Hebb, D. 0. (1949) The Organization of Behavior (Wiley, New York). 28. Eccles, J. G. (1953) The Neurophysiological Basis ofMind (Clar- endon, Oxford). 29. Kirkpatrick, S. & Sherrington, D. (1978) Phys. Rev. 17, 4384-4403. 30. Mountcastle, V. B. (1978) in The Mindful Brain, eds. Edelman, G. M. & Mountcastle, V. B. (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA), pp. 36-41. 31. Goldman, P. S. & Nauta, W. J. H. (1977) Brain Res. 122, 393-413. 32. Kandel, E. R. (1979) Sci. Am. 241, 61-70.

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